GSK-3β is an enzyme involved in many cellular processes, including brain development, glucose metabolism, and inflammation. Inhibiting GSK-3β has been shown to improve cognitive function and has potential benefits for treating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease.
HDACs are enzymes that regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin structure. Inhibiting HDACs can lead to increased expression of genes associated with memory formation and synaptic plasticity.
PDE4 is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic AMP, a molecule involved in many cellular processes, including learning and memory. Inhibiting PDE4 can increase the levels of cyclic AMP, leading to improved cognitive function.
JNK is a kinase that is involved in regulating cell death and inflammation. Inhibiting JNK can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which can be beneficial for cognitive function.
CaMKII is a kinase that plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Increasing CaMKII activity can enhance these processes.
PKA is a kinase that is involved in many cellular processes, including memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Increasing PKA activity can enhance these processes.
MAPK and ERK are signaling pathways involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Increasing their activity can lead to enhanced neuronal function and survival.
TrkB, TrkA, and NT-3 are growth factors involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. Increasing their levels can enhance neuronal function and survival.
CREB is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Activating CREB can enhance these processes.
mTOR and Akt are signaling pathways involved in cellular growth and survival. Increasing their activity can enhance neuronal function and survival.
Neuregulin-1 and ErbB are growth factors involved in synapse formation and maintenance. Increasing their levels can enhance synaptic function and plasticity.
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